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    Kidney Complications of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

    发布于:2013年4月15日    文字:【】【】【

    Am J Kidney Dis

    Kidney Complications of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation.

    Singh N, McNeely J, Parikh S, Bhinder A, Rovin BH, Shidham G.

    Abstract

    Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) exposes a patient's kidneys to a unique combination of challenges, including high-dose radiation, anemia, chemotherapeutic agents, graft-versus-host disease, opportunistic infections, attenuated and altered immunologic responses, fluid and electrolyte imbalances, and extensive courses of antimicrobial agents. Since the inception of HSCT in the 1950s, there has been increasing interest in defining, determining, and managing the kidney complications that accompany this procedure. In this article, we review the common causes of acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease that occur with HSCT, including HSCT-associated thrombotic microangiopathy, a distinct cause of chronic kidney disease with a multifactorial cause previously known as bone marrow transplant nephropathy or radiation nephropathy. Additionally, we review other kidney complications, including calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity and chronic graft-versus-host disease-associated glomerulonephritis, that develop post-HSCT. Critically, due to its grave prognosis, it is important to identify HSCT-associated thrombotic microangiopathy early, as well as distinguish it from the other causes of chronic kidney disease

    摘要:

    异基因造血干细胞移植(HSCT)前、后的放疗、化疗、贫血、移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)、抗排异反应药物(特别是钙调磷酸酶抑制剂CNIs)、感染、免疫反应、水平衡紊乱、药物、溶瘤综合征等均易引起肾脏损伤,AKICKDHSCT比较常见的合并症。AKI发生率约15-60%

    CKD见于HSCT移植后数月,发生率约15-20%CNIs慢性肾毒性、慢性GVHD相关肾小球肾炎、HSCT相关TMACKD最主要的三大原因。CNIs肾脏损害病理表现为闭塞性小动脉疾病、入球小动脉玻璃样变和间质纤维化,均为非特异表现。慢性GVHD相关肾小球肾炎肾脏病理可为膜性肾病(占75%)、MPGNMCDFSGS(极少见)。

    HSCT相关TMATA-TMA)通常在HSCT 6-12个月后出现,HSCT早期出现AKI并不能提示或预测今后是否出现TA-TMAGVHD患者血清内皮细胞标志物、vWFTHBD均显著升高,提示内皮细胞损伤;TA-TMA发病核心是内皮细胞损伤,内皮细胞损伤是多种因素共同作用引起:(1)在HSCT前会进行大剂量化疗、全身放疗伴或不伴放射免疫疗法,单纯大剂量化疗就可以引起内皮细胞损伤;HSCT前的全身放疗与TA-TMA的发生密切相关(有人认为TA-TMA就等同于放疗肾病),且与放疗剂量相关,放疗过程中遮挡肾脏或分次放疗可以减少TA-TMA的发生;(2)其他TA-TMA危险因素包括清髓异基因造血干细胞移植、顺式维甲酸、CNIsGVHD(与供者细胞毒性T细胞激活、细胞因子、VEGF下降和激活凝血相关)、细胞因子、凝血途径异常、感染(曲霉菌、腺病毒、CMVHHV-6,其中腺病毒可表达可溶性fms-like tyrosine kinase、抑制VEGF)、氨基糖甘、女性受者+男性供者。

    TA-TMACNIs肾脏毒性有重叠之处,二者均可引起肾脏TMATA-TMACNIs相关TMA鉴别:(1CNIs相关TMA肾脏表现为AKI,而TA-TMA表现为逐渐起病的CKD(通常在HSCT 6-12个月);(2CNI相关TMA发病是机体对于CNIs的特异质反应,而TA-TMA发病是多因素参与;(3TA-TMA血清LDH升高更显著;(4CNI相关TMA停用CNIs几乎都能改善病情,而TA-TMA在停用CNIs后也会进展到ESRD

    TA-TMA通常在HSCT 6个月后逐渐出现血肌酐升高、高血压;TA-TMA通常只局限在肾脏,之后逐渐出现血液系统表现;TA-TMA呈现双相特点:开始肾功能快速进展,紧接着一个逐渐缓慢的过程(有时候为长期稳定状态)。

    TA-TMA诊断需要临床实验室TMA证据+肾活检病理。TA-TMA 1年死亡率可达50-90%TA-TMA治疗,停用相关药物,控制血压,纠正贫血,ACEI/ARB(动物实验和个例报道发现ACEI可以改善放疗引起的肾脏损伤),血浆置换效果不明确。

    http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291149